Abstract: Soil moisture serves as a crucial medium for analyzing the intricate processes involved in the formation, transformation, and consumption of land-water resources. It also holds significant value as a foundation for evaluating the rationality of cultivation and irrigation systems and plays a pivotal role in analyzing soil salinity trends and farmland water quality. The National Agricultural Experimental Station for Agricultural Environment， Henan Province (referred to as Shangqiu Station) is situated in the core area of the Huanghuaihai Plain (formed by the alluvial plain of the Yellow River). This comprehensive dataset, from 2008 to 2020, gathers and organizes data on the mass water content of soil at varying depths (0-10cm, 10-20cm, 20-40cm, 40-60cm, 60-80cm, and 80-100cm) from six representative farmland sites at Shangqiu Station. This invaluable resource offers crucial data support for investigating technical challenges related to drought, flooding, soil salinity, alkalinity, and water consumption patterns in crop rotations in eastern Henan, thereby providing a more robust scientific basis for establishing cultivation, fertilization, and irrigation systems in the region.